A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_URI::$config is deprecated

Filename: core/URI.php

Line Number: 101

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Router::$uri is deprecated

Filename: core/Router.php

Line Number: 127

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Articles::$benchmark is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 82

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 6
Function: __construct

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Articles::$hooks is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 82

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 6
Function: __construct

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Articles::$config is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 82

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 6
Function: __construct

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Articles::$log is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 82

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 6
Function: __construct

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Articles::$utf8 is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 82

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 6
Function: __construct

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Articles::$uri is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 82

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 6
Function: __construct

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Articles::$exceptions is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 82

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 6
Function: __construct

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Articles::$router is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 82

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 6
Function: __construct

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Articles::$output is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 82

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 6
Function: __construct

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Articles::$security is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 82

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 6
Function: __construct

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Articles::$input is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 82

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 6
Function: __construct

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Articles::$lang is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 82

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 6
Function: __construct

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Articles::$db is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 396

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 6
Function: __construct

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_DB_mysqli_driver::$failover is deprecated

Filename: database/DB_driver.php

Line Number: 371

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 6
Function: __construct

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Articles::$drawer is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 1283

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 6
Function: __construct

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Articles::$articles_model is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 358

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/libraries/Template.php
Line: 10
Function: model

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 6
Function: __construct

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Articles::$template is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 1283

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 6
Function: __construct

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::open($save_path, $name) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::open(string $path, string $name): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 132

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 6
Function: __construct

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::close() should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::close(): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 294

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 6
Function: __construct

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::read($session_id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::read(string $id): string|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 168

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 6
Function: __construct

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::write($session_id, $session_data) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::write(string $id, string $data): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 237

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 6
Function: __construct

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::destroy($session_id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::destroy(string $id): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 317

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 6
Function: __construct

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::gc($maxlifetime) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::gc(int $max_lifetime): int|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 358

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 6
Function: __construct

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 282

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 6
Function: __construct

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: session_set_cookie_params(): Session cookie parameters cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 289

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 6
Function: __construct

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 304

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 6
Function: __construct

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 314

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 6
Function: __construct

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 315

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 6
Function: __construct

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 316

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 6
Function: __construct

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 317

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 6
Function: __construct

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 375

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 6
Function: __construct

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: session_set_save_handler(): Session save handler cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 110

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 6
Function: __construct

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: session_start(): Session cannot be started after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 143

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 6
Function: __construct

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Articles::$session is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 1283

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 6
Function: __construct

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Articles::$gallery_model is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 358

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 8
Function: model

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Articles::$article_drawer is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 1283

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 10
Function: library

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$load is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/libraries/Template.php
Line: 51
Function: view

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 36
Function: load

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$benchmark is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/libraries/Template.php
Line: 51
Function: view

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 36
Function: load

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$hooks is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/libraries/Template.php
Line: 51
Function: view

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 36
Function: load

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$config is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/libraries/Template.php
Line: 51
Function: view

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 36
Function: load

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$log is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/libraries/Template.php
Line: 51
Function: view

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 36
Function: load

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$utf8 is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/libraries/Template.php
Line: 51
Function: view

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 36
Function: load

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$uri is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/libraries/Template.php
Line: 51
Function: view

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 36
Function: load

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$exceptions is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/libraries/Template.php
Line: 51
Function: view

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 36
Function: load

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$router is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/libraries/Template.php
Line: 51
Function: view

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 36
Function: load

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$output is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/libraries/Template.php
Line: 51
Function: view

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 36
Function: load

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$security is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/libraries/Template.php
Line: 51
Function: view

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 36
Function: load

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$input is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/libraries/Template.php
Line: 51
Function: view

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 36
Function: load

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$lang is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/libraries/Template.php
Line: 51
Function: view

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 36
Function: load

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$db is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/libraries/Template.php
Line: 51
Function: view

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 36
Function: load

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$drawer is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/libraries/Template.php
Line: 51
Function: view

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 36
Function: load

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$articles_model is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/libraries/Template.php
Line: 51
Function: view

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 36
Function: load

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$template is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/libraries/Template.php
Line: 51
Function: view

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 36
Function: load

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$session is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/libraries/Template.php
Line: 51
Function: view

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 36
Function: load

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$gallery_model is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/libraries/Template.php
Line: 51
Function: view

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 36
Function: load

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$article_drawer is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 931

Backtrace:

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/libraries/Template.php
Line: 51
Function: view

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/application/controllers/Articles.php
Line: 36
Function: load

File: /home/mjasi/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

Malawi Journal of Applied Sciences and Innovation: Home

Current issue Volume 8

Message from Editorial Team

Malawi Journal of Applied Sciences and Innovation (MJASI) is an open access journal that welcomes all manuscripts in the field of Applied Sciences.

Original Articles

Application of Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Technique for the Optimal Selection of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems: A Case Study of Mtsindo Village, Malawi

Madalitso Lundu*, Timothy Chadza and Joseph Phiri, Volume 8

View PDF
Jul 2026

Techno-Economic Feasibility Analysis of a 100 kW Solar Photovoltaic System under Net Metering Rules in Mzuzu City, Malawi

Lottie Singini*, Chikumbusko Kaonga and Christabel Kambala, Volume 8

View PDF
Jul 2026

The Role of Radio Programmes in Mitigating HIV And AIDS among Female Sex Workers in Blantyre, Malawi

Theresa Kasawala, Francis Chikunkhuzeni and Grace Kadzakumanja, Volume 8

View PDF
May 2026
Browse more articles from the archive, click here
Popular Article
The Editors
  • Editor in Chief
    Chikumbusko Chiziwa Kaonga,PhD
  • Managing Editor
    Fabiano Thulu
  • Editor
    Flemmings Ngwira,PhD
  • Editor
    Harold Mapoma,PhD
  • Editor
    Save Kumwenda,PhD
  • Editor
    Ishmael Bobby Mphangwe Kosamu,PhD
  • Editor
    Edward Chikhwenda,PhD
  • Editor
    Wales Utembe,PhD
  • Editor
    Christabel Kambala,PhD
  • Editor
    Mphatso Kamndaya,PhD
  • Editor
    Faidess Mwale,PhD
  • Editor
    Deliwe Lakudzala,PhD
  • Editor
    John Mwaonanji,Msc
  • Editor
    Umali Leonard,Msc
  • Editor
    Martin Bright Msendema,PhD
  • Editorial Assistant
    Akuzike Namutwa